In the Russian taiga migratory farmers and urbanization is not the largest threat to trees. In the cold and nearly unbearable climates of Siberia and the Far East, clear cutting and the timber industry is the main problem. Russia has regulations regarding the timber industry and the export of wood, yet these restrictions are loose in comparison to other regions in the world including the United States, Canada, Europe and parts of South Asia. Illegal logging is a frequent occurrence throughout Russia in an effort for companies to meet the demands of global wood importers. Illegal logging can be classified in three different ways:
- Pure criminal activities (logging without official permissions, timber theft, falsification of documents, financial crimes, usage of the violence against local peoples, outrageous law violation by authorities and corruption).
- Mass public illegal activity in forest by poor peoples, looking for satisfaction of their basic needs – food and fuel (forest encroachment and forest land conversion for agriculture usage, poaching).
- Lack of law enforcement.
According to the Forest Club of Russia "in 1999 Russia exported about 29 million m3 of raw timber, and in round wood Russia exports more than a half of timber logged both legally and with violationsof the existing legislation. Considerable income from the forest export stimulates forest felling both legal and illegal. The majority of companies buying wood from Russia either don't take interest in or prefer not to think about the origin of timber they buy, because they think that it really matters only in Russia Abroad all timber, even stolen, becomes legally clean. That's why it doesn't seem possible to solve the problem of illegal forest felling operations until both buyers and sellers of forest products close the illegally logged timber from entering the market."2 Although these figures are somewhat outdated, enforcement in the last ten years has changed little, while demand for forest products around the world has continued to rise.
Because demand for timber, paper and other wood products is not likely to cease, it is irrational to demand that all logging should come to a halt. Although wood is necessary for sustenance living for people in all regions of the world, it is over consumption from richer nations that is the demise of the world's forests. The ease at which forests are destroyed in order to create product for the global markets is a result of Russia's lack of control combined dangerously with consumer's willingness to exploit natural resources. Although the Forest Stewardship Council seeks to stop illegal logging and labels wood that has been harvested through sustainable methods, there are no regulations on paper manufacturers, furniture makers and other wood product companies that force the use of ethically derived wood product.
